UNIT 1.1 - FOUNDATION
The History of Photography
The History of Photography has roots in remote objects, buildings, etc with the discovery of the principle of the camera obscura and the observation that some substances are visibly reflected by exposure to light. In the mid 1820's, as far as anyone knows, nobody thought about bringing the two phenomenas together to capture images in a long-lasting form until 1800, when Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably documented however it was an unsuccessful attempt. Nicephore Niepce succeeded, but several days of exposure in the camera were required and the earliest results were very undeveloped.
The name 'Camera Obscura' comes from the Latin words meaning "darkened room". The first time that the camera obscure was made goes back to Ancient Greece, when Aristotle noticed a bit of light passing through a small hole into a darkened room which reflects the world onto the walls upside down. Some stone age man would've sometimes used the reflection coming from the hole and would make the world's first art in cave drawings. A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by several different artists. The Camera Lucida performs an optical superimposition of the subject being viewed upon the surface which the artist is drawing. The artist sees both scene and drawing surface at the same time.
The name 'Camera Obscura' comes from the Latin words meaning "darkened room". The first time that the camera obscure was made goes back to Ancient Greece, when Aristotle noticed a bit of light passing through a small hole into a darkened room which reflects the world onto the walls upside down. Some stone age man would've sometimes used the reflection coming from the hole and would make the world's first art in cave drawings. A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by several different artists. The Camera Lucida performs an optical superimposition of the subject being viewed upon the surface which the artist is drawing. The artist sees both scene and drawing surface at the same time.
Photograms
A photogram is a photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light sensitive material such a photographic paper and then exposing it to light. The normal result is a negative shadow image that shows variations in tone that depends upon the transparency of the objects that you have put on the photographic paper. Areas of the paper that have received no light appear white; those exposed through transparent or semi-transparent objects appear grey. The process we used to make a photogram was, first we set up the light source so it covered the right amount of space. Then we chose the objects that we wanted to use and positioned them on the photographic paper with the safe light on. After that, we made a test strip and then when we made sure everything was working we turned the enlarger on and set the timer for about 4 seconds. After that step, we carefully took the objects off of the paper and placed the photogram into the developer for 2 minutes, then in the stop bath for 1 minute and then into the fix for 3 minutes. Once we took the photogram out of the fix after 3 minutes, we put it into the wash and dry machine which dried and sharpened up our photogram and it was successfully made and finished.
The equipment we used to make our photogram was, an enlarger, a light source, sheet of glass, safe light, photographic paper, a timer, three developing trays and a print drying rack.
The equipment we used to make our photogram was, an enlarger, a light source, sheet of glass, safe light, photographic paper, a timer, three developing trays and a print drying rack.
The inventer of photograms was William Henry Fox Talbot. Here is a picture of one of his photograms.
Here are my two photograms that I made:
The Digital SLR
1) Light for LCD Display. This turns on the light to illuminate the LCD panel in low light conditions.
2) Auto Focus/White Balance setting. Pressing this means that it brings up the choices for white balance e.g in daylight and the auto focus i.e one shot, servo etc. One shot means that the camera will focus once and then take the image, focussed on that point. Servo means the camera focussing system will automatically keep tracking and re-focsuing on the subject until you press the shutter.
3) Drive/ISO. Drive means auto drive or frame rate. ISO is the film or sensor sensitivity.
4) Shutter Button- When pressed the shutter of the camera is released so that it opens to capture a picture and then closes allowing an exposure time as determined by the shutter speed setting which may or may not be automatic.
5) Top Dial - This is also used to alter various settings in either menu by scrolling up or down. Normally used to change shutter speeds or aperture settings.
6) Metering/Flash Compensation. The Metering system is in the screen that you see through the viewfinder when lining up a shot and the Flash Compensation button allows you to fool the camera into thinking that it needs more or less light from your flashgun or speedlite in order to expose the image correctly.
7) LCD Scree. This will display all the exposure and speed ISO etc, settings that you have currently set and as you adjust or change them, it will show on this screen.
8) Hotshoe- This is where you can place an external, dedicated speedlite or flashgun meaning that it is complete with your camera and will adjust itself as you change the camera settings or zoom on the lens.
9) Exposure Control Dial. Using this dial, you can be as creative or lazy as you wish, from full auto mode to fully manual.
2) Auto Focus/White Balance setting. Pressing this means that it brings up the choices for white balance e.g in daylight and the auto focus i.e one shot, servo etc. One shot means that the camera will focus once and then take the image, focussed on that point. Servo means the camera focussing system will automatically keep tracking and re-focsuing on the subject until you press the shutter.
3) Drive/ISO. Drive means auto drive or frame rate. ISO is the film or sensor sensitivity.
4) Shutter Button- When pressed the shutter of the camera is released so that it opens to capture a picture and then closes allowing an exposure time as determined by the shutter speed setting which may or may not be automatic.
5) Top Dial - This is also used to alter various settings in either menu by scrolling up or down. Normally used to change shutter speeds or aperture settings.
6) Metering/Flash Compensation. The Metering system is in the screen that you see through the viewfinder when lining up a shot and the Flash Compensation button allows you to fool the camera into thinking that it needs more or less light from your flashgun or speedlite in order to expose the image correctly.
7) LCD Scree. This will display all the exposure and speed ISO etc, settings that you have currently set and as you adjust or change them, it will show on this screen.
8) Hotshoe- This is where you can place an external, dedicated speedlite or flashgun meaning that it is complete with your camera and will adjust itself as you change the camera settings or zoom on the lens.
9) Exposure Control Dial. Using this dial, you can be as creative or lazy as you wish, from full auto mode to fully manual.
Shutter Speed
Aperture
Aperture- F4.5
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Aperture- F5.6
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